This publication presents a profound and systematic insight into the key problems of philosophical thought, its structure, and methodological foundations. In the introduction, the author defines philosophy as a discipline capable of self-reflection and subsequently analyzes the relationship between pure thought and its historical transformations. Special attention is paid to the critical question of whether geometry can serve as an ideal model for structuring philosophical knowledge. The text further explores ontological categories such as the problem of the whole versus its parts, and the dynamics of becoming, events, and time, thereby opening a space for understanding the temporal nature of being. A central theme is the problem of the subject and the role of reflection in the process of cognition, which are examined within the context of modern European philosophy. This work thus forms a comprehensive guide to fundamental questions of human existence, knowledge, and historicity, aiming for a synthesis of traditional and modern approaches to the interpretation of the world and man's place within it.